![]() ![]() picture (photograph or photocopy) of item.housing (kind of hinging or mounting, matting, frame, case, etc.).crate/package construction and instructions for safe disassembly.name of show and venues (name, address, and phone number).institutional name, address, and phone number (owner/ contact person).Possible items to include in the documentation: Likewise, photographic documentation before travel can be extremely useful as a comparative tool. For visually oriented persons, visual observations can be more accurate than written information. The person inspecting the condition upon arrival should also check condition upon departure. Some institutions request that copies of the assessment logs be returned to them at each venue. Checklists are easier than forms with only blank spaces for comments. Placing each report in a polyester sleeve will keep written information with a visual duplication or overlay. For easy assessment of condition for non-conservation personnel, note existing damage on a visual printout of the image or use poly (ethylene terephthalate) (e.g., MYLAR® Type D, Melinex® 516) overlays or sleeves with existing with a permanent film marking pen (e.g., Sharpie®, Light Impressions™ 2631, etc.) over outlined scale images, photocopies, or duplications. Very few institutions, however, have standards on air quality at present.ĭocumentation of condition ĭamage assessment logs or notebooks with all the images represented are essential for multivenue travel. It will be possible to determine whether a venue to which an exhibition is traveling has suitable air purification systems by obtaining the facilities report or speaking with the institution's building maintenance crew. Also potentially negotiated are the loan fees, insurance, duplication rights, couriers, method of transportation, and packing parameters, among other concerns. "Specific requests for photographic materials" might include materials for cases, lighting type and configuration, or temperature and relative humidity ranges permissible. Specific requests for photographic materials can be made by item and, generally, are negotiated before loan agreements are reached. This document and others like it can be helpful in determining suitability of sites for display of photographic materials. Damage can occur from handling during preparation, installation, deinstallation, transportation, or neglect during holding periods and locations between sites.Ī "Standard Facility Report" is available from the American Association of Museums (AAM). The potential for physical damage from handling increases with the frequency of exhibition and number of venues. Traveling Photographic Exhibitions and Loans Considerations and loan agreements Publication does not endorse nor recommend any treatments, methods, or techniques described herein. The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is published as a convenience for the members of the Photographic Materials Group. The Photographic Materials Conservation Catalog is a publication of the Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Paul Whitmore, Faith Zieske, Edward Zinn.įirst edition copyright: 2004. Chandra Reedy, Nancy Reinhold, Andrew Robb, Grant Romer, Kimberly Schenck, Douglas Severson, Tracey Shields, Angela Thompson, Sarah Wagner, Clara von Waldthausen, Dr. Edmondson, Debra Evans, Julia Fenn, Betty Fiske, Gwenola Furic, Judy Greenfield, Doris Hamburg, Marc Harnly, Pamela Hatchfield, Cathy Henderson, Nancy Heugh, Ana Hofmann, Emily Klayman Jacobson, Martin Jürgens, Nora Kennedy, Daria Keynan, Lyn Koehnline, Barbara Lemmen, Holly Maxson, Constance McCabe, John McElhone, Cecile Mear, Jennifer Jae Mentzer, Jesse Munn, Rachel Mustalish, Douglas Nishimura, Leslie Paisley, Sylvie Pénichon, Hugh Phibbs, Dr. Brown, Ed Buffaloe, Carol Crawford, Corinne Dune, Thomas M. Photographic Materials Conservation CatalogĮxhibition Guidelines for Photographic MaterialsĬontributors to WIKI version: Your name could go here!Ĭontributors (Alphabetical): Catherine Ackerman, Nancy Ash, Sarah Bertalan, Jean-Louis Bigourdan, Barbara N. ![]()
0 Comments
![]() ![]() The company was established in December 1998 as a subsidiary of Take-Two. 1) Relevant, Reposted, Repetitive, Stolen Content, or Solicitation 2) Be Respectful 3) Descriptive Titles, Use the Appropriate Flair 4) Low Effort Submissions 5) No Discussion of Cheating or Glitches 6) Heist/Crew Recruitment And Looking For Players/Crews 7) Disallowed YouTube/Video Content 8) Question Posts And The FAQ Weekly Question Thread 9) Screen Capturing 10) Moderator Discretion The moderators of /r/gtaonline reserve the right to remove any post or comment at our own discretion or if they break the rules. The Rockstar Games Launcher is a new Windows desktop application that allows you to quickly and easily access your Rockstar Games PC collection in a single. is an American video game publisher based in New York City. Please read the full rules before you post. ![]() Join the r/GTAOnline Official Discord server! Check if your question is already answered With this app, you can easily download and play all the games in the catalog. ![]() With this app, you can easily download and play all the games in the catalog. Rockstar Games Launcher is the official client of Rockstar Games for Windows. Grand Theft Auto Online will continually expand and evolve over time with a constant stream of new content, creating the first ever persistent and dynamic GTA game world. Rockstar Games Launcher - Rockstar Games Social Club Download and play the latest Rockstar Games PC titles Download for Windows Play Games Cloud Saves Shop The Collection Automatic Updates Red Dead Redemption 2 for PC is available now on the Rockstar Games Launcher. Rockstar Games Launcher is the official client of Rockstar Games for Windows. Grand Theft Auto Online is a dynamic and persistent open world for up to 30 players that begins by sharing content and mechanics with Grand Theft Auto V, but continues to expand and evolve with content created by Rockstar and other players. ![]() ![]() ![]() The offer beds, cabinets, chairs, tables, and more log furniture for sale.Īddress: 149 Cashiers Lake Rd, Nantahala National Forest, Cashiers, NC 28717Ĭountry Critter offers an online store selling rustic décor and rustic furniture. Products: log furniture Chattooga Woodworks & Chair Co.Ĭhattooga Woodworks creates rustic furniture with the refined look of “southern elegance” combined with old world craftsmanship and rustic European influences. He specializes in elegant rocking chairs.Īddress: 274 Gladstone Trail, Pittsboro, NC 27312 Each piece is functional, pleasing to the eyes, and inviting to the touch. John Cappelletti handcrafts works of art from wood to make rustic log furniture. ![]() Products: log furniture Cappelletti Woodworks Products: log furniture, cabin décor Candlewood BuildersĬandlewood Builers of Whittier, North Carolina is a family run business in the Great Smoky Mountains that skillfully handcrafts log furniture from durable Black Locust trees.Īddress: 144 Indian Hills Dr., Whittier,NC 28789 In terms of log furniture, they offer a line of hickory furniture that includes benches, beds, chests, tables, and more.Īddress: 915 Main Street, PO Box 1508, Blowing Rock, NC 28605 Products: rustic furniture, rustic décor Cabin FeverĬabin Fever has been outfitting mountain homes since 1996 with fine rustic décor and furniture. They have over 1,600 decorator quality rustic bedding, rustic wood furniture, and rustic accessories.Īddress: 2019 Stedwick Place, Charlotte, NC 28211 Offers rustic furnishings, gifts, and accessories for cabins and lodges and the hunters and fishermen who live there. His furniture is sold at many retail locations.Īddress: 7 Pinehurst Road, Asheville, NC 28805 Crafstman Lang Hornthal has been making log furniture for over two decades. See why we are the preferred source for rustic log furniture in the USA and Canada.Appalachian Designs builds authentic American-made pieces of rustic log furniture, stairs, and railing. For over 35 years we have built quality durable log furniture for homes, cabins and many commercial projects from hunting lodges and ski resorts to hotels and National Parks. We have the ability to customize almost any of our pine log furniture products, as our Montana Made furniture is built piece by piece under the watchful eye of our skilled crew. Frontier is also an Authorized Dealer for rustic lighting and decor to complete your lodge furnishing needs.īelow are images of some of our most popular rustic log furniture and other cabin furniture items. Additionally, we can customize any order to fit your log furniture needs for the bedroom, Dining Room, Living Room, rustic Office or any room in your home. Frontier offers a huge selection of Log Beds, Log Bunk Beds and a complete line of Log Bedroom Furniture. ![]() With a great variety of rustic log furniture products available, Frontier's time tested construction techniques, skip-peeled natural log character and reliable delivery schedule, have made Frontier the log furniture industry leader. ![]() Since 1973, Frontier Log Furniture of Montana has been satisfying customers, while maintaining our market dominance by never compromising standards of design, quality of materials, or craftsmanship. ![]() ![]() An example of this can be seen in the difference between Jesus's two feeding the multitude miracles: the first was in Bethsaida, a Jewish region, with enough food remaining to fill twelve baskets (representing the twelve tribes of Israel), whereas the second took place in the predominately Gentile Decapolis area, this time yielding seven baskets of leftovers. ![]() Seven can also be used as reference to the seven hills of Rome, and, by further extrapolation, to all Gentiles.For example, the number of the beast is 666 which represents its evil and having fallen short of the divinely perfect number of seven. Sometimes, it is used to refer to a value falling short of a seven. mankind is created on the sixth day in Genesis, out of the seven days of creation). One variation on the use of seven is the use of the number six in numerology, used as a final hallmark in a series leading to a seven (e.g. Examples include the seven days of creation and so seven days that make up a week, and the seven lamps on the Temple Menorah. It may have been inspired from the fact that the primary lunar phases are roughly 7 days (7.4) each. Can be used to signify "perfection" or "completeness". There are ten fingers and ten toes, the total number of digits found on humans, thus our Base 10 numerical system. The three and a half symbol as appearing in the Bible may derive from the Babylonian calendar. Thus, both 42 and 1,260 have numerological use in the Bible. For example, three and a half years correspond to 42 months or 1,260 days. Variations of the three and a half years result in other numerological values. In various Jewish sources, three and a half also signifies the amount of time that the Temple is given over to heathen worship (Dan. Corresponds approximately to the temple's desecration under Antiochus IV Epiphanes (167-164 BC). ![]() A broken seven or a symbolic week that "is arrested midway in its normal course." The most prominent example is in Daniel 12:7, where "a time, two times, and half a time" or "time, times, and a half" designates a period of time under which God's faithful are persecuted by the fourth beast. Numerological values in the Bible often relate to a wider usage in the Ancient Near East. For the steganographic method known as ELS (Equidistant Letter Sequence), see Bible code.īiblical numerology is the use of numerology in the Bible to convey a meaning outside of the numerical value of the actual number being used. For information on interpreting Greek words using numbers, see Isopsephy. ![]() For information on interpreting Hebrew words using numbers, see Gematria. ![]() ![]() ![]() "Person" includes an individual, association, partnership, corporation, other body corporate, trust, and any form of legal organization or entity ġ.1.9. "Losses" has the meaning set out in paragraph 11 of these Terms of Service ġ.1.8. "FATF" means the Financial Action Task Force ġ.1.7. “Binance Chain Community” means the users and developer community around Binance Chain and Binance DEX infrastructure, code and development etc.ġ.1.6. “Binance Chain” means the native Binance blockchain hosted by Validator, Accelerator and Witness nodes described in the documentation here: ġ.1.7. "Digital Tokens" means blockchain-based assets or rights, or other similar digital representations of rights or assets ġ.1.5. "CTF" means counter-terrorist financing ġ.1.4. , and each and every one of their respective shareholders, subsidiaries, employees, contractors, agents, directors, officers, partners, affiliates, insurers, and attorneys ġ.1.3. ![]() Definitions: In these Terms of Service and all documents incorporated herein by reference, the following words have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated:ġ.1.1. The use of the Site and any Services is void where prohibited by applicable law.ġ.1. Your non-termination or continued use of any Services after the effective date of any amendments, changes, or updates constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Service, as modified by such amendments, changes, or updates. You should check back often to confirm that your copy and understanding of these Terms of Service is current and correct. These Terms of Service may be amended, changed, or updated by Binance at any time and without prior notice to you. If you disagree with these Terms of Service or with any subsequent amendments, changes, or updates, you may not use any of the Services your only recourse in the case of disagreement is to stop using all of the Services. In the event of any inconsistency between these Terms of Service and any other pages or policies on the Site, these Terms of Service shall prevail.īy creating a wallet on the Site or by using any of the Services, you acknowledge that you have read, understand, and completely agree to these Terms of Service in effect from time to time. In particular, please note that all transactions of Digital Tokens on or off the Site may be subject to fees levied by Binance Chain as set out and updated in the Fee Schedule from time to time. Any and all terms, conditions, licences, limitations, and obligations contained within and on the Site are incorporated into these Terms by reference, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the following Site policies and pages: the Privacy Policy and the Risk Disclosure Statement. For the avoidance of doubt, these Terms of Service have two parties: you and Binance. These Terms of Service constitute the agreement and understanding with respect to the use of any or all of the Services, and any manner of accessing them, between you and Binance. By using any of the services, functions, or features offered from time to time on the Site (collectively or individually, the "Services"), the user (referred to herein as "you" or "your") agrees to these Terms of Service.īy using the Site, you understand and agree that the Site is only an interface for a community managed Binance Chain and Binance DEX project, where decisions are not made by a single entity, but by the Binance Chain Community (the “Community”). You should read these Terms of Service carefully to determine which provisions apply to you. The following terms and conditions of service (these "Terms of Service") apply to v isiters of the Site. ![]() ![]() Marie's ego struggles for control during the battle itself and her power to absorb the fog has also gone out of control, sucking anything in that's around her regardless if it's fog or not. She also attacks by bashing the floor repeatedly with her fists, as if she were in distress. She is always kneeling with both legs and when idle, she holds her face with her hands. ![]() What seems to be scale-like armor or paper covers her breasts, waist and thighs, and she also dons a long, red robe-like cape. Kusumi-no-Okami resembles a sinister, pitch black female figure that has flaming red eyes and no other facial features. If the protagonist does not pursue the true ending route, Kusumi-no-Okami will be the final boss of the game. She despairs and wishes to deny the truth in all its form along with everything else, while wishing to embrace peaceful lies and blissful ignorance. The entity assumes its true form in the Hollow Forest after the fog takes control of Marie, a monster with a deeper version of Izanami's voice. The party has to confront her to preserve their bonds with Marie and to put an end to the cycle of fog. For most of the game, she takes the form of a human girl named Marie who was devoid of her memories until she has to complete her mission killing herself by absorbing Inaba's fog. Kusumi-no-Okami is a part of Izanami whose goal is to perpetuate the cycle of fog within Inaba. ![]() Music: " I'll Face Myself -Battle-" from Never More -Reincarnation: Persona 4. ![]() ![]() ![]() Allow 6 to 8 weeks for Visa Prepaid Card/Virtual Card delivery. Online purchases must include copy of the online purchase invoice and the installation invoice from authorized Goodyear retailer. Invoice must have eligible tire name and proof of purchase on Goodyear Credit Card (when applicable) clearly indicated. The Goodyear Credit Card is issued by Citibank, N.A.Ĭompleted rebate forms must be postmarked or submitted online no later than 7/31/22. Base portion of rebate offered by Goodyear, and bonus portion of rebate offered by Citibank, N.A. Get a $25 Visa Prepaid Card with purchase or $50 Visa Prepaid Card with purchase on the Goodyear Credit Card of: Eagle® Sport All-Season (includes ROF+SCT), Assurance® All-Season, Kelly Edge All-Season® and Kelly Edge All-Season® Performance. Get a $50 Visa Prepaid Card with purchase or $100 Visa Prepaid Card with purchase on the Goodyear Credit Card of: Assurance MaxLife®, Eagle® F1 Asym Family (includes ROF+SCT), Wrangler Fortitude HT® (excludes C-Type), and Wrangler® Workhorse® AT. WITH THE PURCHASE OF A SET OF 4 OF THE FOLLOWING TIRES: Get a $75 Visa Prepaid Card with purchase or $150 Visa Prepaid Card with purchase on the Goodyear Credit Card of: Assurance ComfortDrive®, Assurance WeatherReady®, Eagle Exhilarate®, Eagle® F1 SuperCar® 3+3R, Wrangler® AT Adventure w/ Kevlar®. Purchases made on the Goodyear Credit Card are subject to credit approval. The minimum purchase is a set of four tires, and the maximum purchase is six tires per invoice. The prorated rebate amount, per additional tire, is 25% of the rebate amount listed above. If your vehicle requires six tires, rebates are available on a prorated basis for the two additional tires. Commercial fleets are not eligible for these rebates. residents who are individual consumers with mailing addresses in the U.S. Offers available only at authorized participating U.S. Limit four (4) rebates per individual consumer per promotion period. Limit one (1) rebate form per tire purchase, per envelope. Limit one (1) mail-in or online rebate per qualifying purchase, per visit. Mail-in or online rebate for a Goodyear Visa Prepaid Card or Virtual Card valid on purchases made from to. ![]() ![]() Trinity College Library, in the enchantingly historic city of Dublin, Ireland, stands as a testament to the ages its storied past is woven intricately into the very fabric of its architecture. Inside the beautiful and classical Trinity College Library in Dublin, Ireland A celebration of structures cradling stories, affirming that amid changing civilizations, the written word and its architectural haven remain timeless and enchanting. This is an invitation to wander literary wonderlands, to immerse in the ambiance where architecture and literature merge. These libraries are living embodiments of the societies that birthed them, echoing the aspirations, philosophies, and dreams of generations past and present. With each page turned and each building explored, a narrative unfolds that transcends mere bricks and mortar. From historic institutions adorned with frescoes and whispered histories to modern marvels of sleek lines and innovative functionality, these libraries span continents and epochs. "These Are The World's 10 Most Beautiful Libraries," an exploration that melds the profound elegance of architecture with the boundless allure of literature.Įach of these libraries is a symphony of design, a testament to the intricate interplay of aesthetic vision and the quest for knowledge. It is often speculated that Sailor Cosmos is her Sailor Guardian form.In the heart of vibrant cities like New York and nestled in quiet corners of historic ones like Prague, a treasure trove of human intellect and imagination awaits.She also has the ability to create magical objects like weapons and stronger transformation items for the Sailor Guardians. She could revive almost the entire population of Crystal Tokyo without having her energy drained by the Silver Crystal, an ability hitherto unseen. Her power renders the inhabitants of Earth functionally immortal. She is able to manipulate the Silver Crystal to a much greater extent. Sailors Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto refer to her as the "Messiah of Peace" or the "True Messiah" standing opposite the Messiah of Silence, Mistress 9.Īlthough she lost the ability to transform into a Guardian, she is shown to be way more powerful than her younger self. ![]() The power of the Legendary Silver Crystal keeps the city of Crystal Tokyo live forever (in the manga, King Endymion says that they can live up to about 1,000 years). ![]() This caused her, and the rest of the people of earth to become unaging (though it is clear people can still die as Sailor Pluto meets her death at the end of the second manga arc). However, it is clear that the world becomes reformed under her powers, ridding the known world of evil and sickness. Furthermore, in the second arc she does not transform into Sailor Moon despite the fact that the other Guardians have already transformed, and that her kingdom was under attack. Although this could also be translated as that she is no longer able to transform into Sailor Moon, for she does still demonstrate a considerable amount of power (e.g.: reviving the citizens of 30th Century Tokyo with the Spiral Heart Moon Rod and bestowing the Guardian with "Planet Powers" and her own past self with new "Cosmic Powers"). The Solar System Guardians never aged physically past the age of early 20s.Īfter she became queen, she lost her power as a Sailor Guardian. Once she became Queen, Serenity ceased to age, and continued to retain her youthful appearance for well over ten centuries. ![]() Usagi became queen at age 22, the same year she gave birth to Chibiusa. She rules over the entire Earth from the Crystal Palace, situated in what was formerly Juuban District. Usagi learns that she will be given the title "Sovereign of Earth" and Mamoru will become King Endymion alongside her. She is first seen in this future form in Act 16 of the manga. In the Black Moon arc, it is revealed that Usagi, as Serenity, will eventually become the queen of a new Silver Millennium centered in a city called Crystal Tokyo, which will already exist in the 30th century. Although aware of the situation, Chibiusa rarely does this. This form is the one that Chibiusa considers as truly being her mother, while Usagi of the past is regarded as more of a big-sister figure and many characters often mistake them for sisters. Her face and facial expressions are drawn to look more mature than the 20th century Usagi, but her iconic hairstyle is retained. The crescent moon is always visible on her forehead, just as it was with her princess form. She wears an altered version of the dress she wore as a princess, with a large, wing-shaped bow replacing the smaller one of the princess outfit. ![]() ![]() ![]() Here, this manual will demonstrate how to draw a spectrum step by step in Praat. (This part is adapted from Wood’s beginners' guide to Praat (2005), which is available at lines)īesides drawing waveforms, Praat can also draw the spectrum, pitch contour, formant, intensity contour, etc. Then, the diagram will become like Figure 1.38. For example, I set the line as Dotted line and Blue. Pen: You can also use Pen to decide the line types and colors of your diagram. If you want to place the next line just inside, you can leave 'Far' unchecked and type the text you want, for example, we type "recording 1" in Figure 1.35.Īfter filling in the text for both lines, you can see two lines on the top of the pictures. When Far is ticked, you are going to place the text at the very edge of the drawing area. You can decide which line you want to use by ticking the "Far" selection. Remarks for 'Far': Two lines can be written at the top, one at the edge of the selected area and one just inside. When you click Text top , the following window will pop up , and then put tick before "Far" and type in the text you want to put at the top, for example “good morning”, and then click "OK" If you want to add titles at the top, you can use Text top command in the Margins menu. Then click OK, the diagram looks like Figure 1.31. Similarly, you can add ticks and numbers at the bottom by opening the Margins menu and selecting Marks bottom every, the dialog opens: Draw dotted lines draws a dashed line through the diagram at each defined locationįollowing these additions, the diagram looks like this:.Draw ticks places tick marks at the defined locations.Numbers writes the appropriate number at locations defined by Units and Distance Numbers is not selected for now.Units and Distance work together, such that Distance is a fraction or multiple of Units Distance is set to 0.1 for this example note that Praat insists you enter 0 before numbers smaller than 0.Distance is the interval at which something is to happen (numbers, ticks, lines).Units is the basic unit for this particular scale in this example it is 1.0.When you click " Marks left every", the following window appears. Let’s use an example to illustrate the functions. Margins: You can use "Margins" to add the texts and marks in your picture. Now, we will introduce some basic skills about how to garnish your pictures using Margins, World, Pen, and Font in upper menu to further garnish your picture. Figure 1.26 shows a drawing to the Praat Picture window. Choose the given recording file on the left-hand side of Praat objects and click the "Draw" button. ![]() Click in an area of the Praat "Picture window" (e.g., left upper corner) and draw the new shape while keeping the left-mouse button pressed. Determine the physical size of the plot by changing the selection in the Praat "Picture window" (pink rectangular shape) before you draw the graph.If you accidentally closed it, you can just reopen Praat. You can draw a picture in Praat by the following steps: The standard way to print that spectrogram on paper, or to save it as an image file for inclusion in a report or presentation, is to transfer it to the Picture window with the " Draw" function from the Objects window. However, if you want to create and annotate publication quality graphs, more efforts are required. The easiest way to save a Praat picture is to take a screenshot of it. To play the selected part of the sound, you only need to click on the rectangle below it. You can find the total duration of the recordings at the bottom and the duration of your selected part below the spectrum. If you want to cut, copy, and paste between the sounds, you can open more than one sound, and then select "cut", "copy", and "paste" between the sounds by moving a selected part of the sound to another location, and using "cut" and "paste" from the "Edit" menu. You can move the red dash line to change the scope of recording. Remarks: Only when you select a part of the recording, all the functions in the pull-down menu can be activated, or they are grey and unavailable. Reverse selection: reverse the selected part of the sound. ![]() Set selection to zero: set the selected samples to zero.Paste: paste the clipboard contents to the cursor.Copy selection: copy the selection to the clipboard.Cut: cut the selection to the clipboard. ![]() On the pull-down menu of Edit, you can find the following functions The new "Editor window", which has been introduced in detail in 1.2.3 b, will appear. You can start by selecting the speech object and then choosing "View&Edit" from the main menu on the right-hand side of the "Objects window". Praat offers a lot functions to visualize, play and extract information from a sound object. ![]() ![]() ![]() This approach is also at work in her translation of Cicero’s Pro Marcello, where the queen has Cicero single out Caesar’s “princely and wise voice” for praise, where “princely” translates “praeclarissimam” (“most distinguished voice”). ![]() In Tacitus, Germanicus is described as “Augustæ nepos”, that is, grandson of Livia Augusta, for which Elizabeth gives “nephew to the Empresse”, a title by which she was herself frequently addressed. The city is not merely splendidly restored by Augustus (“magnifico ornatu”), but “royally adorned”, while the “initiis Tiberij” (“the beginning of Tiberius”) becomes, in Elizabeth’s version, “Tiberius new raigne”. There is also a subtle but nonetheless discernible introduction of monarchical terms to the Tacitus translation. In Tacitus, the rebel Segestes is “ingens visu” (“huge to see”), for which Elizabeth gives “goodly to look on” for “mulierculam” (“little woman”), she has “sely woman” (we can compare this with “Sely Smithe” and “Sely shame” in her translation of Horace). It was, however, a favourite of Elizabeth’s, and can also be found in her Boethius, where she has “sluggy lust” and “sluggy flames”. Compared with the more common form “sluggish”, “sluggy” was rare in English of the sixteenth century, appearing only four times in texts published between 15. ![]() In Elizabeth’s version, Augustus “garboiled the olde soldiers by gyftes”, while Lepidus “by sluggy age went to wracke”. With its vigorous colloquialism and succinct turns of phrase, the Tacitus translation exemplifies the queen’s approach to translation more generally. Though the other translations which Clapham mentions have since been accounted for, the Tacitus translation has thus far remained elusive. Clapham mentions Elizabeth’s Tacitus first and foremost among the queen’s translations, which “she herself turned into English for her private exercise”. John Clapham, another of Elizabeth’s contemporaries, refers to her translation of “some part of Tacitus’ Annals” in his history of the queen’s reign, which he composed with the help of the courtier Robert Cecil. Elizabeth’s perennial favourite, Henry Savile, produced a translation of Tacitus in 1591, which he dedicated to the queen, drawing particular attention to her “most rare and excellent translations of Histories”. She undertook translations of Jean Calvin, Cicero, Plutarch, Seneca, Horace and Boethius, all of which survive today. Particularly strong in French, Italian, and Latin, she was also proficient in Spanish and Greek, whose alphabet would eventually pepper her everyday handwriting (in later years, she used “φ” for “ph”). Whether engaging foreign visitors in multilingual conversation or delivering withering ripostes in Latin to impertinent ambassadors, Elizabeth was celebrated for her linguistic abilities even in her own lifetime. Above all, the corrections made to the Lambeth Tacitus are a compelling match for Elizabeth’s later handwriting, which was, to put it mildly, idiosyncratic.Īs well as composing an impressive range of original works in verse and prose, Elizabeth I was an enthusiastic translator. There was, however, only one translator at the Tudor court to whom a translation of Tacitus was attributed by a contemporary, and who was using the same paper in her translations and private correspondence: the queen herself. It is on a very specific kind of paper stock, which gained prominence among the Elizabethan secretariat in the 1590s. The translation has been copied by an amanuensis in an exquisite italic hand, with subsequent corrections made by the author. It focuses on the first book of the Annales, which sees the death of Augustus and the rise of the emperor Tiberius, tracing the steady centralization of governmental powers in a single individual. I had known that Queen Elizabeth I was among the more literate of monarchs, but I hadn’t realized the extent of it John-Mark Philo writes about it for the TLS:Īmong the manuscripts preserved at Lambeth Palace Library is a translation of Tacitus completed in the late sixteenth century (MS 683). ![]() |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |